Obstetric anesthesia management of the patient with cardiac disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality in much of the developed world. Risk stratification models can predict which patients are at greatest risk for maternal or fetal morbidity or mortality. Particular cardiac diseases hold significant risk of mortality during pregnancy including pulmonary hypertension, aortic aneurysm, left-ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and severe cardiomyopathy. High-risk patients should deliver at high-resource hospitals under the care of experts in cardiology, obstetrics, perinatology, neonatology and anesthesiology. The obstetric anesthesiologist should formulate delivery plans for cardiac monitoring, labor analgesia, cesarean anesthesia, postpartum monitoring, as well as plans for obstetric or cardiac emergencies. Carefully co-ordinated multidisciplinary care of pregnant women with cardiac disease can result in successful outcomes.     

针刺联合自拟消瘤止痛汤改善癌性疼痛的作用

目的探讨针刺联合自拟消瘤止痛汤改善癌性疼痛的作用。方法选定2017年2月—2018年12月本院收诊的102例癌性疼痛患者,分层随机法分为观察组51例(针刺联合自拟消瘤止痛汤)与对照组51例(三阶梯癌痛疗法),比较两组镇痛持续时间、镇痛起效时间与不良反应发生率指标。结果治疗结束,观察组镇痛持续时间长于对照组且差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组镇痛起效时间短于对照组且差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率(1.96%)低于对照组(15.69%)且差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针刺联合自拟消瘤止痛汤方法可有效减轻癌性疼痛患者疼痛感。     

连续腘窝上坐骨神经联合隐神经阻滞镇痛对足踝皮瓣移植后皮瓣成活和局部血运的影响

目的：探讨连续腘窝上坐骨神经联合隐神经阻滞镇痛对足踝皮瓣移植后皮瓣成活以及局部血运的影响。方法：选择2018年3月至2019年4月在宁波市第六医院择期行股外侧皮瓣移植足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的患者60例，美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级为I～II级，随机分为连续腘窝上坐骨神经联合隐神经阻滞镇痛组（S组）和静脉自控镇痛组（C组），每组30例。观察2组患者足踝部游离移植皮瓣后皮瓣的血液循环及皮瓣成活的变化，记录2组患者术后6 h、12 h、24 h、2 d、3 d各个时点VAS评分及不良反应发生情况。结果：S组患者毛细血管充盈时间评分、局部皮瓣弹性评分和皮瓣存活率均高于C组，血管危象率低于C组（P＜0.05），术后6 h、12 h 、24 h、2 d、3 d的VAS评分S组更低（P＜0.05）；S组不良反应发生率低于C组（P＜0.05）。结论：连续腘窝上坐骨神经联合隐神经阻滞镇痛可提高足踝皮瓣移植术患者皮瓣局部血运，提高皮瓣成活率。     

中医结合三阶梯止痛法综合治疗癌性疼痛的临床研究

癌痛是恶性肿瘤最常见的并发症之一,可由肿瘤本身导致癌痛,也可因肿瘤压迫周围组织、神经等产生疼痛,或在治疗过程中产生。癌痛按时间可以分为急性痛和慢性痛,按病理学特征可分为伤害感受性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛,或二者混合。长期癌痛直接影响肿瘤患者的生理与心理状态,严重降低患者生存期生活质量,甚至瓦解治疗信心和对治疗方案的依从性,从而影响治疗效果,缩短生存周期。目前,西医控制癌痛以WHO三阶段止痛方案、抗肿瘤治疗、非药物疗法等为主,其中以WHO三阶梯止痛方案为基本策略,具有普遍性、有效性、经济性等特点,但止痛药物在治疗同时不可忽略期不良反应及非阿片类药物的“封顶作用”,制约了三阶梯止痛法的应用效果。祖国医学认为“本虚标实”“正虚邪实”是恶性肿瘤的基本病机,症状有以实痛为主,也有以虚痛为主,常采取辨病与辨证相结合,扶正与驱邪并举的方式,既重视由癌毒,又兼顾正虚,常以中药汤剂、膏剂、针刺、艾灸、穴位埋线等联合WHO三阶梯止痛方案联合应用,体现中医整体观念、个体化治疗的优势,鼓励多学科合作,可有效减少西药不良反应,延缓阶梯用药上升进程,减少突破痛发生几率,提升患者生活质量,以接近控制癌痛的最佳效果和最小代价,中医抗癌止痛思路可作为三阶梯止痛法的重要补充。     

超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面阻滞对单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者恢复的影响

目的探讨超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面(ESP)阻滞对单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者恢复的影响。方法依据随机数字表法将60例行单侧乳腺癌根治术的女性乳腺癌患者分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。麻醉诱导前两组患者均采用超声引导下患侧ESP阻滞,观察组患者给予0.5%盐酸罗哌卡因20 ml,对照组患者给予等量的生理盐水。两组患者均采用全凭静脉麻醉进行诱导和维持,术中采用喉罩通气,术后采用静脉自控镇痛。比较两组患者术后苏醒即刻及术后2、6、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分,比较两组患者术后镇痛泵按压次数、镇痛药吗啡的用量及术后并发症发生情况。结果术后苏醒即刻及术后2、6、12、24、48 h,观察组患者的VAS评分均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01)。观察组患者术后镇痛泵按压次数和吗啡用量均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01)。观察组患者术后恶心呕吐和皮肤瘙痒的发生率均低于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论超声引导下单次ESP阻滞可以缓解单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者的急性疼痛,降低术后相关并发症发生率,促进患者术后恢复。     

Postpartum cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following obstetric neuraxial blockade: a literature review with analysis of 58 case reports

BackgroundCerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare complication of pregnancy. It usually presents with a headache and may mimic a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) in women who receive a neuraxial block.MethodsMedline, CINAHL and EMBASE databases were searched to identify postpartum cases of CVST following neuraxial block. The aim was to delineate the characteristics, presentation, investigations, and outcomes of postpartum women who presented with CVST.ResultsForty-nine articles with 58 case reports were identified. Forty-two women (72.4%) had an epidural attempted whilst 16 women (27.6%) received a spinal anaesthetic. Accidental dural puncture (ADP) was reported in 17 women (40.5%). Headache was the presenting symptom in 57 women (98.3%); 26 women (44.8%) also experienced seizures. Post-dural puncture headache was reported in 46 (79.3%) and an epidural blood patch was performed in 26 women (44.8%). Superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, and cortical veins were the most common sites of thrombosis. The median time to diagnosis was 6.5 days from delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging was the most common diagnostic neuro-imaging modality. Full neurological recovery was reported in 48 (82.8%), whilst neurological deficits were reported in six (10.3%) women.DiscussionThe diagnosis of CVST may be overlooked in women who present with headache following neuraxial block. A change in character of headache with loss of postural element, and focal neurological signs are the key clinical features that could help anaesthetists differentiate headache of CVST from PDPH. The high reported rates of ADP and PDPH lend support to their possible association with CVST.     

Pooled Dosing and Efficacy Analysis of the Sufentanil Sublingual Tablet 30 mcg Across Demographic Subgroups for the Management of Moderate-to-Severe Acute Pain

PurposeTo aid nurses in dosing sufentanil sublingual tablet (SST) 30 mcg administered via a single-dose applicator, dosing requirements and efficacy of SST 30 mcg were analyzed across age, sex, race, and body mass index subgroups.DesignPatient characteristics were pooled from three postoperative studies (two placebo-controlled and one open-label) and one open-label emergency department study. Drug dosing and efficacy data were pooled from the postoperative studies.MethodsEfficacy was assessed through summed pain intensity difference to baseline during 12 hours across subgroups.FindingsMean (standard deviation) drug doses administered from 0 to 12 hours was 3.9 (2.0) for SST 30 mcg and was less frequent for older (≥65 years) versus younger patients. The summed pain intensity difference to baseline during 12 hours was superior with SST 30 mcg versus placebo across all subgroups.ConclusionsSST 30 mcg is a sublingual opioid analgesic with efficacy across demographic subgroups.     

Utility of heavily T2-weighted MR myelography as the first step in CSF leak detection and the planning of epidural blood patches

Heavily T2-weighted MR myelography (HT2W-MRM) is emerging as an alternative approach for detection and follow up of CSF leaks. We aimed to assess epidural blood patch (EBP) treatment outcome when using HT2W-MRM as the primary modality for detecting CSF leak and planning EBP placement in routine clinical practice. Since 2018, patients at our institute suspected of having CSF leak, routinely HT2W-MRM instead of CT myelography to determine presence of the leak and identify the EBP target site. Fifty-nine consecutive patients suspected of having a CSF leak underwent HT2W-MRM. After excluding patients with subdural hematoma and poor image quality, 26 (10 men, 16 women; mean age 44.92 ± 12.6 years) patients were included in this study. Patients received EBP on the basis of HT2W-MRM assessments and clinical assessment. Imaging findings and clinical outcome were evaluated. CSF leak was identified in 21 patients (80.8%, 21/26) based HT2W-MRM. Most cases were graded on a confidence scale as CSF leak definitely (n = 13) or probably (n = 3) present. Successful clinical EBP treatment was achieved in 14 of 17 patients (82.4%) after first targeted EBP, and patient symptoms significantly improved after treatment (numerical rating score 6.4 before EBP, 1.3 after EBP, P < 0.001). HT2W-MRM based EBP are the rational and effective choices for CSF leak treatment in routine clinical practice.